- Larry Adler (1914–2001): American harmonica player.
- Javed Akhtar (1945–): Indian lyricist, poet and scriptwriter.
- Steve Albini (1962–): American singer, songwriter, guitarist, audio engineer, and music journalist. He was a member of Big Black, Rapeman, and Flour, and is currently a member of Shellac.
- Eric Avery (1965–): American musician and is the bass player for the rock band Jane's Addiction.
- Roy Bailey (1935–): British socialist folk singer.
- Stephen Baird (1944–): American "scientific gospel" singer.
- Béla Bartók (1881–1945): Hungarian composer.
- Hector Berlioz (1803–1869): French composer.
- Georges Bizet (1838–1875): French composer. His final work, Carmen, became one of the most popular and frequently performed works in the entire opera repertory.
- Björk (1965–): Icelandic singer-songwriter, producer, fashion model, and actress.
- Pierre Boulez (1925–): French composer and conductor.
- Jacques Brel (1929–1978): Belgian singer-songwriter.
- Isaac Brock (1975–): American singer, guitarist, banjoist, and songwriter for the indie rock band Modest Mouse.
- Chico Buarque (1941–): Brazilian singer, composer, poet and writer, one of most famous of MPB.
- Geoffrey Burgon (1941–2010): British composer notable for his television and film themes.
- Mike Burkett (1967–): (a.k.a. Fat Mike) American bassist and vocalist for the punk rock band NOFX. Many of their lyrics include atheist views.
- Henry Burstow (1826–1916): English shoemaker, singer and bellringer from Horsham, Sussex, best known for his vast repertoire of songs, many of which were collected in the folksong revival of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
- Ferruccio Busoni (1866–1924): Italian composer, pianist, teacher of piano and composition, and conductor.
- Kevin Cameron (1986-): Australian guitarist, who is most notable for being a member of the metalcore band I Killed the Prom Queen.
- Vic Chesnutt (1964–2009): American singer-songwriter.
- Eddie Collins (a.k.a. Greydon Square) (September 28, 1981–): African-American hip hop artist.
- Wayne Coyne (1961–): American rock musician, lead singer of The Flaming Lips.
- Jonny Craig (1986–): Post-hardcore singer-songwriter, poet, lead vocalist for Emarosa and co-leader for Isles & Glaciers.
- Kim Deal (1961–): American singer, songwriter and musician, best known as the bassist and backup vocalist of the alternative rock band the Pixies, and the lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist for The Breeders.
- Frederick Delius CH (1862–1934): Noted English composer.
- King Diamond (1956–): Danish heavy metal singer.
- Ian "Dicko" Dickson (1963–): English-born music industry and television personality in Australia, best known as a judge on the television shows Australian Idol and The Next Great American Band.
- Ani DiFranco (1970–): Singer, guitarist, and songwriter.
- Beth Ditto (1981–): American vocalist with the band Gossip.
- Brian Eno (1948–): English electronic musician, music theorist and record producer, known as the father of modern ambient music.
- Fenriz (1971–): Norwegian drummer and lyricist for the two-piece black metal band Darkthrone.
- Bob Geldof, (1951–): Irish singer/songwriter, organized the Live Aid and Live 8 charity concerts.
- David Gilmour CBE (1946–): English guitarist, songwriter and vocalist of Pink Floyd.
- Dave Godin (1936–2004): English champion of African-American music who coined the term 'Northern soul'.
- Greg Graffin (1964–): Lead singer of the punk rock band Bad Religion. Received his zoology PhD with the thesis Monism, Atheism and the Naturalist Worldview: Perspectives from Evolutionary Biology.
- Percy Grainger, (1882–1961): Australian-born composer and pianist.
- David Gray (1968–): English Grammy Award-winning singer-songwriter who came to prominence with his multi-platinum selling album White Ladder.
- Kathleen Hanna (1968–): Lead singer of Le Tigre and Bikini Kill.
- Jeff Hanneman (1964-2013): American guitarist, a founding member of the thrash metal band Slayer.
- Yip Harburg (1896–1981) Hollywood lyricist and poet, most notably wrote the lyrics for Somewhere Over the Rainbow and It's Only a Paper Moon.
- Roy Harper (1941–): English rock / folk singer-songwriter and guitarist, known for his longtime associations with Jimmy Page and Robert Plant and for his guest lead vocals on Pink Floyd's song 'Have a Cigar'.
- Paul Heaton (1962–): English singer-songwriter, leading member of The Housemartins and The Beautiful South.
- Anthony Heilbut (1940–): American record producer of gospel music and writer, a Grammy Award winner and noted for his biography of Thomas Mann.
- Chris Holmes (1958-): Heavy metal guitarist, best known as founding member of W.A.S.P..
- George Hrab (1971–): American rock & funk musician & podcaster.
- Leoš Janáček (1854—1928): Czech composer, musical theorist, folklorist, publicist and teacher. He is considered to rank with Antonín Dvořák and Bedřich Smetana, as one of the most important Czech composers.
- Stephan Jenkins (1964—): Musician, lead singer for the American rock band, Third Eye Blind.
- Billy Joel (1949—): American pianist, singer-songwriter and composer.
- Heri Joensen (1973–): Faroese musician, lead singer of the metal band Týr.
- Brian Johnson(1947–) lead singer of Australian rock band AC/DC
- Alex Kapranos (1972–): Lead singer of Scottish band Franz Ferdinand.
- Paul Kelly (1955—): Australian rock music singer-songwriter, guitarist and harmonica player.
- Kerry King (1964—): American guitarist, best known as one of the founding members of the thrash metal band Slayer.
- Linton Kwesi Johnson (1952–): British-based dub poet.
- Simon Le Bon (1958–): English lead singer and lyricist of the band Duran Duran and its offshoot, Arcadia.
- Geddy Lee (1953–) : Canadian singer and bassist of the progressive rock band Rush.
- Tom Lehrer (1928–): American singer-songwriter, satirist, pianist, and mathematician.
- Till Lindemann (1963–): Lead singer of the German industrial metal band, Rammstein.
- Dave Lombardo (1965–): Cuban American heavy metal drummer, best known for his work with American thrash metal band Slayer.
- John Lydon (1956–): British singer-songwriter and television presenter. Best known as the lead singer of punk rock band the Sex Pistols and post-punk band Public Image Ltd.
- Emcee Lynx (1980–): anarchist hip hop musician who identifies as potentially pantheist, agnostic or atheist.
- Marilyn Manson (1969–): American musician.
- Shirley Manson (1966–): Lead singer of the British-American alternative rock band, Garbage.
- Ida Maria (1984–): Norwegian rock musician.
- George Marshall-Hall (1862–1915): English-born Australian composer, conductor and professor of music.
- Nick Mason: English drummer for Pink Floyd.
- Sir Peter Maxwell Davies CBE (1934–): English composer and conductor, currently Master of the Queen's Music.
- mc chris (1975–): Underground hip-hop artist.
- Andy Mckee (1979–): American composer and guitarist.
- George Melly (1926–2007): English jazz and blues singer, critic, writer and lecturer.
- Tim Minchin (1975–): British-Australian comedian, actor, and musician. Many of his songs and beat poems involve Tim's thoughts on his own atheism and organised religion.
- Vinicius de Moraes (1913–1980): Brazilian composer and poet, best known as one of the first songwriters of bossa nova.
- Napalm Death: grindcore/death metal band from Birmingham, England. All members hold atheistic outlooks.
- Simon Napier-Bell (1939–): English music producer, songwriter, journalist and author, best known as manager of (among others) The Yardbirds, Marc Bolan, T. Rex and Wham!.
- Gary Numan (1958–): English New Wave, Synthpop and Industrial Rock musician.
- Alice Nutter (1962–): British singer and percussionist for Chumbawamba.
- Tyler, the Creator (1991–): American rapper and producer, best known for fronting West-Coast rap group OFWGKTA
- Charlie Parker (1920–1955): American jazz saxophonist and composer. He is widely considered one of the most influential jazz musicians of his time.
- Andy Partridge (1953–): English singer, songwriter, and guitarist for the pop/new wave band XTC
- Sergei Prokofiev (1891–1953): Russian composer, pianist and conductor who mastered numerous musical genres and is regarded as one of the major composers of the 20th century.
- Maurice Ravel (1875–1937): French composer.
- Jim Reid (1961–): Scottish singer, songwriter and vocalist of the alternative rock band The Jesus and Mary Chain. "I think religious belief is some sort of mental illness, some sort of unrecognized schizophrenia. Your mind is so freaked-out, so fucked-up by the thought of dying and nothingness, that it just invents heaven. It's a weird area, religion."
- Marc Riley (1961–): British musician, alternative rock critic and radio DJ.
- Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844–1908): Russian Nationalist composer, member of "The Five", best known for the symphonic suite Scheherazade.
- Richard Rodgers (1902–1979): American composer of the music for more than 900 songs and 40 Broadway musicals, best known for his songwriting partnerships with the lyricists Lorenz Hart and Oscar Hammerstein II.
- Henry Rollins (1961–): American punk/rock musician, author, spoken word performer and actor. When asked "Henry, Do you believe in any form of afterlife or form of "God"? Also, what makes you get up out of bed every morning?" Henry responded- "No. Curiosity/anger."
- Pascual Romero (1980–): American musician and television producer.
- Ned Rorem (1923–): American composer.
- Anton Rubinstein - Russian pianist, composer and conductor who became a pivotal figure in Russian culture when he founded the Saint Petersburg Conservatory.
- Camille Saint-Saëns (1835-1921) - French composer, organist, conductor, and pianist of the Romantic era.
- Eric Sams (1926–2004): British musicologist and Shakespeare scholar.
- Justin Sane (1973–): Lead Singer of Anti-Flag, lyrics include many atheist views.[citation needed]
- Fazıl Say (1970) Turkish pianist and composer.
- Anton Seidl (1850-1898) - Hungarian conductor.
- Captain Sensible (1955–): singer, songwriter, musician and co-founded the punk rock band The Damned.
- Dmitri Shostakovich (1906-1975): Russian composer and pianist.
- Robert Smith (1959–): British musician, songwriter, singer and guitarist of the band The Cure.
- Donita Sparks (1963–): American vocalist, guitarist and song-writer with her band Donita Sparks and The Stellar Moments and co-founder of grunge band L7.
- Wayne Static (1965–): Frontman for Industrial Metal band Static-X.
- Richard Thomas (1964–): British musician, writer, and comedy actor, best known for composing and scoring the award-winning Jerry Springer - The Opera.
- Tracey Thorn (1962–): English pop singer and songwriter, best known as one half of the duo Everything but the Girl.
- Sir Michael Tippett OM (1905–1998): English composer, regarded as one of the greatest of the 20th century.
- Frank Turner (1981–): English folk/punk singer-songwriter.
- Björn Ulvaeus (1945–): Swedish musician, composer, a former member of the Swedish musical group ABBA.
- Edgard Varèse (1883–1965): Franco-American composer and pioneer of electroacoustic music.
- Eddie Vedder (1964–): lead singer and lyricist of the band Pearl Jam.
- Caetano Veloso (1942–): Brazilian singer-songwriter, musician. Best known for his participation in the tropicalia movement.
- Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872–1958): English composer of symphonies, chamber music, opera, choral music, and film scores.
- Roger Waters (1943–): English rock musician; singer, bassist, guitarist, songwriter and composer, best known for his career with Pink Floyd.
- Pete Wernick (1946–): American bluegrass banjo player and songwriter.
- Jerry Wexler (1917–2008): American music journalist and producer, regarded as one of the major record industry players behind music from the 1950s through the 1980s, coiner of the term Rhythm & Blues.
- Earl Wild (1915–2010): American classical pianist, considered a leading virtuoso of his generation.
- Iannis Xenakis (1922–2001): Greek composer, music theorist, and architect-engineer. He pioneered the use of mathematical models in music such as applications of set theory, stochastic processes and game theory and was also an important influence on the development of electronic music.
- Frank Zappa (1940–1993): American composer, singer-songwriter, electric guitarist, record producer, and film director.
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